Hemolysis during pediatric cardiac surgery: an old issue with renewed concerns

Cardiovascular associated acute kidney injury (CVSA-AKI) is a frequent occurrence both in pediatric and adult settings (1,2). After sepsis, cardio-vascular surgery is considered in adult critically ill adults the second most important risk factor of AKI (3). CVSA-AKI is a recently well characterized syndrome, presenting with disparate levels of severity and caused by the complex interaction of multifactorial etiologies (1-3).